![]() ![]() There is some evidence that false-negative results may have a large legal impact. The strength of evidence from most of the primary studies was low. (3) Economic outcomes: Only two studies presented information on the economic consequences. (2) Psychological outcomes: A total of eight published studies presented information on the psychological consequences of negative results in general only one study, on antenatal screening, provided direct evidence of the psychological consequences of false-negative results, where they were associated with lower parental acceptance of the affected child and with blaming others for this outcome. (1) Medical outcomes: In all, 13 papers presented quantitative information relevant to the medical consequences of false-negative results seven of these were primary studies, and the remaining studies were literature reviews or models examining the likely impact of false-negative results. Most of the studies that were identified presented only anecdotal evidence. Methodological details of the review are provided in the full report.Ī total of 6660 abstracts were screened, and 420 potentially relevant papers were identified. The participants included individuals taking part in screening programmes, healthcare professionals and organisations responsible for screening programmes. Other outcomes, such as the impact of false-negatives on public confidence in screening programmes, were also included. Outcomes included in the review fell into four categories: medical outcomes (morbidity and mortality) psychological outcomes (distress, false reassurance, loss of confidence in services) economic outcomes (such as costs to the NHS) legal outcomes (such as litigation). This included a search of 18 electronic databases, various bibliographies and contact with experts to identify relevant literature and perspectives. (1) to determine the consequences of false-negative findings (2) to investigate how their adverse effects can be minimised to assess their implications for the NHS, including the impact of false-negatives on public confidence in screening programmes to identify relevant theoretical perspectives that may be potentially useful when considering the implications of false-negative results.Ī systematic literature review was carried out. This review was carried out to assess the medical, psychological, economic and legal consequences of false-negative results that occur in national screening programmes. ![]() However, no test is totally accurate (with 100% sensitivity and specificity), and false-negative results are inherent in any screening programme that does not have 100% sensitivity. In some cases, the consequences of these can be difficult to assess, although false reassurance leading to diagnostic delay and subsequent treatment has been suggested. Among these harms is the likelihood that false-negative results will occur. When assessing whether a screening programme is appropriate, there is a particular obligation to ensure that the harms as well as the benefits are considered. ![]()
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